Synthesis and Characterization of Waste Eggshell-Based Montmorillonite Clay Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

The depletion of resources and increase in demand for fossil fuel raise concerns as it is natural non-renewable. Therefore, will cause limitation on its availability continuous reduction. This issue has led to the search more economic, sustainable, environmentally friendly alternatives which biodiesel. major drawback that reduces possibility biodiesel commercialization high cost oil feedstock covers 75% total production cost. waste cooking used transesterification primary option lower production. Biodiesel can be prepared using catalyst through reaction. In this research, focus utilization chicken quail eggshell synthesize highly active Calcium Oxide (CaO)-based heterogenous with montmorillonite clay catalyze efficient conversion formation CaO/montmorillonite was confirmed based outputs from X-ray diffraction (XRD) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). physio-chemically characteristics catalysts exhibited a BET surface area ranging 9.2-9.5 m 2 /g presence around 87% elemental calcium constituent XRF characterization. addition this, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis determine conventional microwave heating method revealed maximum yield 98%. optimum obtained at reaction temperature, molar ratio methanol, amount 60 ºC, h, 1:12, 2.5 wt.% 5 both eggshells, respectively.